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Home » , » Major drugs uses, Action and Adrs
Major drugs uses, Action and Adrs
Thursday, July 21, 2011 Posted by Piscean

Major drugs uses, Action and Adrs

P.415


OPHTHALMIC DRUGS


Drug Action Treatment uses Adverse reactions
Antiallergic agents


Azelastine
  • Decrease irritation
  • To treat allergic conjunctivitis
  • Tearing
Cromolyn
  • To treat seasonal conjunctivitis
Emedastine
  • To treat keratitis
Ketotifen


Lodoxamide


Olopatadine


Anesthetics


Proparacaine
  • Prevent the initiation and transmission of nerve impulses
  • To anesthetize the cornea, allowing application of instruments for measuring intraocular pressure (I0P) or removing foreign bodies
  • Corneal inflammation
Tetracaine

  • Corneal opacities

  • Delayed corneal healing

  • Eye pain and redness
  • To prepare for suture removal, conjunctival or corneal scraping, and tear duct manipulation
  • Loss of visual acuity

  • Scarring
Anti-infectives


Ciprofloxacin
  • Kill bacteria or inhibit growth of bacteria or viruses
  • To treat corneal ulcers or conjunctivitis caused by bacteria, fungus, or virus (each drug is specific to particular organisms)
  • Secondary eye infections (with prolonged use)
Erythromycin


Gentamicin

  • Severe hypersensitivity reactions
Levofloxacin


Natamycin


Norfloxacin


Ofloxacin


Sulfacetamide


Sulfisoxazole


Tobramycin


Trifluridine


Anti-inflammatories


Steroidalanti-anti-inflammatories
  • Decrease leukocyte infilinfiltration at inflammation sites, causing reduced oozing of fluids and reduced edema, redness, and scarring
  • To treat inflammatory disorders and hypersensitivity-related conditions of the cornea, iris, conjunctiva, sclera, and anterior uvea
  • Corneal ulcération

  • Delayed corneal healing
Dexamethasone

  • Increased susceptibility to viral or fungal corneal infection
Fluorometholone


Loteprednol


Prednisolone


Rimexolone


Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories
  • Decrease inflammation and itching
  • To inhibit pupil constriction during surgery (flurbiprofen and suprofen)
  • Tearing, discomfort
Diclofenac
  • To reduce itching due to seasonal allergies (ketorolac)
Flurbiprofen


Ketorolac
  • To treat inflammation after surgery
Suprofen


Lubricants


Methylcellulose
  • Act as artificial tears
  • To protect cornea during diagnostic procedures
  • None
Polyvinyl alcohol
  • Moisten cornea



  • To moisten contact lenses
Miotics


Carbachol
  • Stimulate and contract the sphincter muscle of the iris, constricting the pupil
  • To treat open-angle glaucoma, acute and chronic angle-closure glaucoma, and certain cases of secondary glaucoma resulting from increased IOP
  • Blurred vision
Pilocarpine
  • Improve aqueous outflow
  • Bronchospasm

  • Cataractformation

  • Eye pain

  • Photosensitivity

  • Reversible iris cysts
Mydriatics


Dipivefrin
  • Acton the iris to dilate the pupil
  • To dilate the pupils for intraocular examinations
  • Blurred vision
Epinephrine

  • Confusion
Hydroxyamphetamine
  • Lower I0P
  • To lower I0P in patients with glaucoma
  • Dry skin
Phenylephrine


  • Flushing

  • Impaired ability to coordinate movement

  • Irritation

  • Rapid heart rate

  • Transient burning sensations
Mydriatics and cycloplegics


Atropine sulfate
  • Act on the ciliary body of the eye to paralyze the fine-focusing muscles (thereby preventing accommodation for near vision)
  • To perform refractive eye examinations in children before and after ophthalmic surgery
  • Same as for mydriatics
Cyclopentolate hydrochloride


Homatropine hydrobromide
  • To treat conditions involving the iris
Tropicamide


Other drugs to lower IOP


Adrenergic blockers (topical)
  • May reduce aqueous humor formation and slightly increase aqueous humor outflow
  • To prevent and control elevated IOP, chronic open-angle glaucoma, and secondary glaucoma
  • Bronchospasm

  • Fatigue
Apraclonidine

  • Headaches
Betaxolol outflow
Slow heart rate
Brimonidine


Carteolol


Levobunolol


Metipranolol


Timolol maleate


Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
  • Inhibit action of carbonic anhydrase, thus decreasing aqueous humor production
  • To treat chronic open angle glaucoma, acute angle-closure episodes, and secondary glaucoma
  • Hemolytic or aplastic anemia

Hypokalemia
Acetazolamide

Leukopenia
Brinzolamide

Nausea and vomiting
Dorzolamide


Osmotic agents Glycerin
  • Reduce volume of vitreous humor
 To prepare for intraocular surgery «Hypokalemia
To treat acute glaucoma «Diuresis
Isosorbide Decrease IOP

Mannitol


Prostaglandin analogues
  • Decrease IOP
 To treat glaucoma «Irritation

Tearing
Bimatoprost


Latanoprost


Travoprost


Unoprostone


P.417

OTIC DRUGS


Drug Action Treatment uses Adverse reactions
Anesthetics (local)


Benzocaine
  • Temporarily interrupt the conduction of nerve im-pulses
  • To temporarily relieve ear pain
  • Ear irritation or itching
  • Edema
  • Hives
  • Masking of the symptoms of a fulminating middle ear infection
Anti-infectives


Acetic acid
  • Kill bacteria or inhibit bacterial growth
  • Inhibit fungal growth (acetic acid and boric acid)
  • To treat otitis externa
  • To treat otitis media (colistin and polymyxin B sulfate)
  • Burning
  • Dermatitis
  • Ear itching
  • Hives
Boric acid


Chloramphenicol


Colistin sulfate


Neomycin sulfate


Polymyxin B sulfate


Anti-inflammatories
Hydrocortisone
  • Inhibit edema, capillary dilation, fibrin deposition, and phagocyte and leuko-cyte migration
  • Reduce capillary and fi-broblast proliferation, col-lagen deposition, and scar formation
  • To treat inflammatory conditions of the external ear canal
  • Masking or exacerbation of underlying otic infection
  • Transient local stinging or burning sensations
Dexamethasone-sodium phosphate


Cerumenolytics


Carbamide peroxide Triethanolamine polypeptide
  • Reduce hardened ceru-men by emulsifying and mechanically loosening it
  • To loosen and remove cerumen from the ear canal
  • Mild, localized redness and itching

P.419

P.420

DERMATOLOGIC DRUGS


Drug Action Treatment uses Adverse reactions
Anti-infectives


Antibacterials
Azelaic acid
Bacitracin
Clindamycin
Erythromycin
Gentamicin
Mafenide
Metronidazole
Mupirocin
Neomycin
Silver sulfadiazine
Sulfacetamide sodium
Tetracycline
  • Kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria
  • To treat infections caused by bacteria (each drug is specific to particular organisms; combination products may also be used)
  • Contact dermatitis
  • Rash
  • Skin burning, itching, and red-ness
  • Skin dryness
  • Stinging
Antifungals
Amphotericin B
Butenafine
Ciclopirox
Clotrimazole
Econazole
Ketoconazole
Miconazole
Naftifine
Nystatin
Oxiconazole
Sulconazole
Terbinafine
  • Kill or inhibit the growth of fungiof bacteria
  • To treat infections caused by fungi (each drug is specific to particular or-ganisms)
  • Same as for antibacterials
Antivirals
Acyclovir
Penciclovir
  • Inhibit the growth of herpes virus
  • To treat herpes genitalis or herpes labialis
  • Same as for antibacterials
Anti-inflammatories Alclometasone
Betamethasone dipropionate
Clobetasol
Clocortolone
Desonide
Desoximetasone
Dexamethasone
Diflorasone diacetate
Fluocinolone
Fluocinonide
Flurandrenolide
Fluticasone
Halcinonide
Halobetasol
Hydrocortisone
Mometasone
Triamcinolone acetonide
  • Suppress inflammation by binding to intracellular corticosteroid receptors, initiating a cascade of anti-inflammatory mediators
  • Cause vasoconstriction in inflamed tissue and pre-vent macrophages and leukocytes from moving into the area
  • To relieve inflammation and itching in topical steroid-responsive disorders, such as eczema, psoriasis, angioedema, contact dermatitis, sebor-rheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and hives
Hair growth stimulants


Minoxidil
  • Stimulate hair growth by causing vasodilation, which increases blood flow to the skin (exact mecha-nism of action is unknown)
  • To treat male and female pattern baldness
  • Fluid retention
  • Rapid heart rate
  • Weight gain
Topical antiacne drugs


Keratolytics
Acitretin
Adapalene
Isotretinoin
Tazarotene
Tretinoin
Counterirritants
Benzoyl peroxide
  • Produce antibacterial effects
  • Reduce inflammation
  • Produce antibacterial effects
  • Reduce inflammation
  • To treat mild acne, oily skin, and acne vulgaris (oral antibiotic therapy used as needed for deep acne)
  • To treat mild acne, oily skin, and acne vulgaris (oral antibiotic therapy used as needed for deep acne)
  • Burning
  • Hives
  • Rash
  • Scaling, blistering, and peeling
  • Skin dryness
  • Skin irritation
  • Superinfection (with prolonged use)
    • Same as for keratolytics
Antimicrobials
Clindamycin
Doxycycline
Erythromycin
Minocycline
Tetracycline
  • Produce antibacterial effects
  • Reduce inflammation
  • To treat mild acne, oily skin, and acne vulgaris (oral antibiotic therapy used as needed for deep acne)
  • Same as for keratolytics
  • Hypersensitivity reactions (oral)
  • Candidal vaginitis (oral)
  • Gram-negative pustular folliculitis (oral)
Scabicides and pediculicides


Gamma benzene
hexachloride
Lindane
Malathion
Permethrin
  • Act on parasite nerve cell membranes to disrupt the sodium channel current, causing paralysis (some are also ovicidal)
  • To treat scabies and lice
  • Contact dermatitis
  • Hypersensitivity reactions
  • Respiratory allergy symptoms

Piscean

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